Definition and Examples of Intensifiers in English

Definition and Examples of Intensifiers in English In English grammar, an intensifier is a word that emphasizes another word or phrase. Also known as a booster or an amplifier. Intensifying adjectives modify nouns; intensifying adverbs commonly modify verbs, gradable adjectives, and other adverbs. Contrast with downtoner. Etymology From the Latin, stretch, intend Examples and  Observations Oh, I am so not in the mood for this. Ive just been shot!The woodwind has a slightly greater scope than the violin.The women I had as very close friends were very independent women, very progressive. Theyre very sensitive about social change. Functions of Intensifiers To some degree, an intensifier acts as a signal: it announces that the word following it is worn out and that it should be understood as inadequate. For example, in the phrase an utterly beautiful night, the author is saying, Look, I mean something beyond beautiful, even if I dont have the precise word; try to imagine it... Versatile Adverbs Intensifiers are morphologically perhaps  the most versatile category of adverbs in English. A glance at their history would appear to support the layering hypothesis.  There are intensifiers  that may be called fused forms, such as the suffixless very and compound somewhat, which both go back to Late Middle English, whereas the phrasal expressions sort of and kind of are more recent. Boosters and Language Change Humans are indeed natural-born exaggerators, and this trait is one of the main driving forces behind language change. Nowhere is this more obvious than in the constant renewal of intensifying words, or what are sometimes called boosters. These are the little words that fortify adjectives. They express a high point along a scale. Something isnt just good but awfully good, terribly good or even bloody good. Inevitably, such dramatic words wear out with time and become mundane. Alternative expressions then have to be found. This has already happened to boosters like awfully, terribly and horribly. You can see that at the root of these expressions are words like awe (originally, fear, dread), terror and horror. So they had strong, even gruesome beginnings. But overuse bleached them of this energy and force, and before long they meant little more than very. Repeat Intensifiers The sheer number of [intensifiers], all with more or less the same meaning, is significant. If you havent made your case, you have to pound the adverbial drums, the same way the boy in the story had to insist that this time, there really, really, really was a wolf. Strunk and White on Intensifiers Rather, very, little, pretty- these are the leeches that infest the pond of prose, sucking the blood of words. The constant use of the adjective little (except to indicate size) is particularly debilitating; we should all try to do a little better, we should all be very watchful of this rule, for it is a rather important one and we are pretty sure to violate it now and then. William Cobbett on the Adverbs of Exaggeration (1818) Be rather sparing than liberal in the use of Adjectives. One which expresses your meaning is better than two, which can, at best, do no more than express it, while the additional one may possibly do harm. But the error most common in the use of Adjectives is the endeavoring to strengthen the Adjective by putting an adverb before it, and which adverb  conveys the notion that the quality or property expressed by the Adjective admits of degrees: as very honest, extremely just. A man may be wiser than another wise man; an act may be more wicked than another wicked act; but a man cannot be more honest than another; every man who is not honest must be dishonest, and every act which is not just must be unjust. Sources: Meg Masters in  Supernatural, 2005 John Philip Sousa Toni Morrison Arthur Plotnik,  Spunk Bite: A Writers Guide to Punchier, More Engaging Language Style. Random House, 2005 Terttu Nevalainen, Three Perspectives on Grammaticalization.  Corpus Approaches to Grammaticalization in English, ed. by  Hans Lindquist and Christian Mair. John Benjamins, 2004 Kate Burridge,  Gift of the Gob: Morsels of English Language History. HarperCollins Australia, 2011 Ben Yagoda,  When You Catch an Adjective, Kill It. Broadway Books, 2007 William Strunk, Jr., and E.B. White,  The Elements of Style. 1972 William Cobbett,  A Grammar of the English Language in a Series of Letters, 1818

Thermal Properties of Glass Transition

Thermal Properties of Glass Transition Fiber reinforced polymer composites are often used as structural components that are exposed to extremely high or low heats. These applications include: Automotive engine componentsAerospace and military productsElectronic and circuit board componentsOil and gas equipment The thermal performance of an FRP composite will be a direct result of the resin matrix and the curing process. Isophthalic, vinyl ester, and epoxy resins generally have very good thermal performance properties. While orthophthalic resins most often exhibit poor thermal performance properties. Additionally, the same resin can have vastly different properties, depending on the curing process, curing temperature, and time cured. For example, many epoxy resins require a post-cure to help reach the highest thermal performance characteristics. A post-cure is the method of adding temperature for a duration of time to a composite after the resin matrix has already cured through the thermosetting chemical reaction. A post cure can help align and organize the polymer molecules, further increasing structural and thermal properties. Tg - The Glass Transition Temperature FRP composites can be used in structural applications that require elevated temperatures, however, at higher temperatures, the composite can lose modulus properties. Meaning, the polymer can soften and become less stiff. The loss of modulus is gradual at lower temperatures, however, each polymer resin matrix will have a temperature that when reached, the composite will transition from a glassy state to a rubbery state. This transition is called the glass transition temperature or Tg. (Commonly referred to in conversation as T sub g). When designing a composite for a structural application, it is important to make sure the FRP composites Tg will be higher than the temperature it might ever be exposed to. Even in non-structural applications, the Tg is important as the composite can change cosmetically if the Tg is exceeded. Tg is most commonly measured using two different methods: DSC - Differential Scanning Calorimetry This is a chemical analysis which detects energy absorption. A polymer requires a certain amount of energy to transition states, much like water requires a certain temperature to transition to steam. DMA - Dynamic Mechanical Analysis This method physically measures stiffness as heat is applied, when a rapid decrease in modulus properties occurs, the Tg has been reached. Although both methods of testing the Tg of a polymer composite are accurate, it is important to use the same method when comparing one composite or polymer matrix to another. This reduces variables and provides a more accurate comparison.