Group 2A The Alkaline Earth Metals Essay Example For Students

Gathering 2A: The Alkaline Earth Metals Essay Introduction:This lab was partitioned into four sections: Part 1 was tied in with testing for hydrogen gas. Section 2 included finding the pH levels of specific components. Section 3 was tied in with testing for solvency. Section 4 was just taking in the perceptions and appearing well and good. Procedure:Part 1: 1) Pour about 2.5 mL of refined water into a spotless, dry test cylinder and stand the cylinder in the test tube rack. Add a calcium going to the water in the cylinder. To gather gas being discharged, reverse a spotless, dry test tube holder. 2) Test for hydrogen gas by embeddings a consuming wood brace into the upper piece of the rearranged tube. 3) Add a couple of drops of phenolphthalein answer for the reactant tube. In the wake of mentioning your objective facts, dispose of the substance of the cylinder and perfect and dry the cylinder. 4) Repeat stage 1, utilizing a 10-cm bit of magnesium strip instead of the calcium. In the event that no obvious response happens, heat the water to bubbling, utilizing a test tube holder to hold the cylinder over the burner fire. Alert: Point the cylinder away from yourself as well as other people while warming. 5) Once the water is bubbling, stand the cylinder in a test tube rack and, utilizing a test tube holder, transform a gathering tube over the reactant tube. Following a couple of moments, test for hydrogen gas. 6) Turn off the burner and include a couple of drops of phenolphthalein to the reactant tube. Record your perceptions. Dispose of the substance of the cylinder, and spotless and dry the cylinder. Part 2:7) Obtain 2.5-mL tests of soaked arrangements of calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and barium hydroxide. Test every arrangement with pH paper. Record the pH of every arrangement. Part3:8) Using the research center equalization, measure out 1-g test of magnesium sulfate. Spot it in a perfect, dry test tube. 9) Repeat stage 8 for calcium sulfate and barium sulfate. 10) Add 2.5 mL of refined water to each cylinder. Utilizing a glass blending pole, mix every blend altogether, getting however much of every strong to disintegrate as could be expected. Record your perceptions of the general solubilities of every one of these mixes. Part 4:11)Stand 3 perfect, dry test tubes in the test tube rack. Utilizing the 0.1M arrangements, include about 2.5mL of the MgCl2 answer for one cylinder, 2.5 mL of the CaCl2 answer for a subsequent cylinder, and 2.5 mL of BaCl2 to the third cylinder. 12)To every one of the arrangements in the test tubes, include around 1 mL of the Na2CO3 arrangement. Record your perceptions. Materials:balancewood splintsburner pH papertest tubes, 13 x 100 mm (3)stirrertest cylinder holderflame testertest tube rackfilter papercalcium turnings (Ca)saturated arrangements of :magnesium lace (Mg)calcium hydroxidemagnesium sulfate gems (MgSO4)magnesium hydroxidecalcium sulfate gems (CaSO4)barium hydroxidebarium sulfate gems (BaSO4)0.1 M arrangements of :refined watersodium carbonatephenolphthalein solutionmagnesium chloridecalcium chloridebarium chlorideResults:See connected dittoDiscussion:For us, there were not a ton of desires for this lab aside from testing for the hydrogen gas, where we believed that gas would be produced in both the calcium and the magnesium, and in the two cases, our speculation was right. This lab had a great deal of potential wellsprings of mistake essentially in such a case that anybody had reused or returned the example of a component, the whole amount of that component was defiled. In this way, there could be sullied tests, filthy test tubes, and e ven potentially grimy water. Conclusion:I had felt this would have been a befuddling lab, yet as it went on, I ended up understanding the material very well. We were both very interested by the hydrogen gas try different things with the age of sound from fire and gas. With everything taken into account, I saw this as a quite fun lab.

Definition and Examples of Clustering in Composition

Definition and Examples of Clustering in Composition In creation, a revelation procedure wherein the essayist bunches thoughts in a nonlinear manner, utilizing lines and circles to show connections. Grouping Grouping (some of the time otherwise called spreading or mapping) is an organized procedure dependent on indistinguishable acquainted standards from conceptualizing and posting. Grouping is unmistakable, nonetheless, in light of the fact that it includes a somewhat progressively created heuristic (Buzan, 1993; Glenn et al., 2003; Sharples, 1999; Soven, 1999). Grouping methodology fluctuate significantly, in spite of the fact that the central target is to outfit understudies with devices for orchestrating words, phrases, ideas, recollections, and suggestions activated by a solitary upgrade (i.e., a snippet of data, a point, a provocative inquiry, an allegory, a visual picture). Similarly as with other [invention] techniques..., bunching should initially be demonstrated and rehearsed in class so understudies can in the long run consolidate the device into their own collection of development and arranging strategies.(Dana Ferris and John Hedgcock, Teaching ESL Composition: Purpose, Proc ess, and Practice, second ed. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2005) Rules for Teaching the Clustering Process What directions would it be a good idea for you to provide for start this prewriting procedure? I have discovered the accompanying both fitting and effective:(Gabriele Lusser Rico, Clustering: A Prewriting Process, in Practical Ideas for Teaching Writing As a Process, ed. via Carol B. Olson. Diane, 1996)Tell understudies that they are going to utilize a device that will empower them to compose all the more effectively and all the more capably, a device like brainstorming.Encircle a word on the boardfor model, energyand solicit understudies, What do you consider when you see that word? Support all reactions. Bunch these reactions, transmitting outward. When they have wrapped up their reactions, state, See what number of thoughts there are coasting around in your minds? Presently, on the off chance that you group without anyone else, you will have a lot of associations as one of a kind to your own psyche as a thumbprint is to your thumb.Now request that understudies bunch a second word for themselves. Before they start, reveal to them that the bunching procedure should take close to a couple of minutes and that the section they will compose should take around eight minutes. Request that they continue bunching until the Aha! move, flagging that their brain is holding something they can shape into an entirety. Recorded as a hard copy, the main limitation is that they end up at ground zero: i.e., that they don't leave the composing incomplete. Some phenomenal words are apprehensive or attempt or help.After they get done with composing, request that understudies give a title to what they have composed that is reminiscent of the entirety. Psyche Mapping Psyche mapping is a bright and inventive technique for producing, sorting out, and recalling thoughts. To mind-map, compose your theme in the focal point of a clear page inside a visual portrayal of your subject, for example, a monster melodic note, a boat, or scuba gear. In the event that no focal picture rings a bell, utilize a case, heart, circle, or other shape. At that point utilize different shades of ink to shading code related thoughts. From the focal figure draw transmitting lines like the beams of the sun or branches and foundations of a tree. At that point, as you consider portions of the subject you wish to talk about, write down pictures, watchwords, or expressions on or close to these lines. Likewise include models and subparts utilizing expanding lines and more pictures and words. In the event that you don't as of now have a focal concentration for your exposition, watch for a key expression or picture as you complete your exploration.(Diana Hacker and Betty Renshaw, W riting With a Voice, second ed. Scott, Foresman, 1989) Otherwise called: fanning, mapping

Introducing Susan Bordo’s Hunger as Ideology Essay Example

Presenting Susan Bordo’s Hunger as Ideology Paper Among the requirements of men, food is one which is constantly viewed as the one of most noteworthy need. Notwithstanding the current day existing financial conditions, food is constantly observed as an absolute necessity have across various social classes and even across nations. The solid way to express food flexibly as a pointer of social improvement is so unmistakable these days that numerous nations are set against it as a capability that requires both consideration and accomplishment. Anyway food uncertainty circumstances are distinctive for every country, for example, for this paper, food frailty is diverse as far as nations which are in an ideal situation when contrasted with the individuals who are devastated. For instance, in Nigeria food instability involves life and demise as far as administration (Oculi n. pag. ). It even requires the consideration of having a need to quantitatively meet the food needs of its residents. Then again, Susan Bordo’s Hunger as Ideology addresses food uncertainty from an alternate perspective; she saw this food issue according to the sexual orientation portrayals of food. We will compose a custom article test on Introducing Susan Bordo’s Hunger as Ideology explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Introducing Susan Bordo’s Hunger as Ideology explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Introducing Susan Bordo’s Hunger as Ideology explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Furthermore, for that, this paper will clarify food uncertainty not in a similar way that other food weakness papers would have talked about this issue in ruined nations. To develop an all encompassing comprehension of the primary postulation of Susan Bordo’s Hunger as Ideology, this paper will be isolated in three principle parts-presentation, real models as far as media and end. The presentation will incorporate the essential premises which can be perceived from the principle content of this paper which is Susan Bordo’s Hunger as Ideology. This part will likewise incorporate the presumptions set by Bordo’s book on the best way to begin an examination of regular material regarding the sex depictions in those media. To help the relevance of these presumptions, this paper will utilize two media portrayals of Bordo’s fundamental postulation as a business and in an electronic article. These media portrayals are considered by this paper to be adequate sources to evaluate whether there have been upgrades in Susan Bordo’s contentions since they have been distributed in 1993. This evaluation will be the finish of this paper. Presenting Susan Bordo’s Hunger as Ideology Ideologically stacked media that rise above messages on sexual orientation is the fundamental documented of intrigue and focal point of this Susan Bordo. When placing ideologically stacked messages in the light, a solid spotlight on the various ideal models of the real world and reenactments must be dealt with, and ought to be very much characterized (Bordo 104). In any case, the inquiry is, can the individuals who are uncovered in these circumstances completely translate those that ought to be recognized as the real world and those that ought to stay as recreations? In the event that truly, what is the degree of its impacts on the individuals who are uncovered with it? If not, are these individuals essentially powerless in entering a daze towards sharpening themselves in comparative style with that of the recreation? To respond to these inquiries, this paper would investigate the primary contention of Bordo towards most food commercials sex determination. As indicated by Susan Bordo, ladylike poise and manly guilty pleasure are the normal topic utilized in advertisements to depict the various parts of food (Descripted lines n. pag. ). From its planning, cooking, introduction and the genuine procedure of eating-these jobs are supposed to be depicted in most food ads. The estimation of this paper would put accentuation on the way that real factors and reproductions are consistently and will consistently be available. Reenactments, as indicated by Bordo, regardless of whether they are conspicuously known as artificial real factors despite everything have the ability to sharpen the general mentality of people through the ideological burden that they have (directessays n. pag. ). One of the most conspicuous recreations introduced by Bordo is the Anglo-American definition of both magnificence and character (directessays n.pag. ). The most significant importance of excellence must be accomplished by following the endorsed character in the advertisements. Because of this solution, a deliberate examination of the subtle prompts up and coming in ads ought to be directed (Lane n. pag. ). The message expected to be placed into the psyches of watchers is typically subconscious in nature. Besides, most advertisements of this sort plan to make and develop a specific culture that would change the mentality of the people as well as their decisions (Lane n. pag. ).

Lincoln Electric Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lincoln Electric - Case Study Example As the conversation stressesâ one of the major contributing variables towards the accomplishment of Lincoln Electric is its adaptability. The organization doesn't have confidence in keeping up an official association diagram so as to offer high adaptability. The company’s simple and less convoluted arrangement bolster s representatives to go to anybody whom they think to be capable enough in giving answers for their issues offering an adaptable authoritative structure. Adaptability is viewed as a significant factor for the achievement of any association. Representatives or laborers ought to be given enough adaptability to work as indicated by their own specific manners and accommodation so as to be gainful guaranteeing the predominance of the end products.This paper features thatâ an simple and less mind boggling approach would expel the hindrances among the laborers and the administrators and would encourage smooth correspondence. Correspondence is very significant in assoc iations so the issues can be imparted to the concerned individual and measures can be quickly taken to discover an answer without to a great extent hampering the assembling functions. The organization doesn't have any uncommon approaches or advantages for the officials which advances a feeling of equity among the workers and thus energizes an awareness of other's expectations in them. The organization gave over the control of the board to different groups which encourage them with the option to take choices when important. This guarantees a smooth progression of work, as representatives need not trust that others will take choices and afterward acting in like manner. This triggers in them an awareness of other's expectations to perform better (Willcoxson, 2011). Another significant factor is that representatives are qualified for benefit sharing just as investment opportunities dependent on individual just as group execution (McGee and Et. Al., 2006). Workers are impacted to pre sent creative thoughts by the administration which would upgrade their efficiency. The organization continually contributes on preparing just as instructing the workers to make certain strong commitments towards business execution. The obligations given to the representatives are likewise considered as huge factor. They incorporate take care of cuts and punishments in the event of non-attendance which impart an awareness of other's expectations, the laborers identified with creation needs to give confirmation in regards to the nature of individual piece delivered by them or, more than likely no installment is made against it lastly there are just not many administrators inferable from which collaboration is advanced with no itemized oversight. Accordingly, the previously mentioned elements can be considered as the major contributing variables for the company’s unrivaled execution (Lussier, 2008). Comprehension of the Factors Responsible for High Performance The superior of Lincoln Electric is dependent on numerous outside just as inward factors. Adaptability, correspondence, impetus structure, arrangements, feeling of equity and obligation are the most significant contributing

Womens Education in Confucian Cultures

Present day antiquarians and sociologists center around the training of ladies in Confucian societies. As per a mainstream generalization, it was just expected to fortify the exacting sex jobs of these social orders, particularly the compliant situation of ladies in families and communities.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Women’s Education in Confucian Cultures explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, this supposition doesn't consider the complexities of Asian social orders that can contrast from each other as far as political, social or monetary relations. Also, this view ignores the likelihood that ladies could oppose a few standards of Confucianism. They could know about their impeded situation in the network. This paper is planned for indicating that Confucian training could to be sure reify the prevailing force structure or the possibility that men should assume the principle job in family, government or associations ; notwithstanding, simultaneously, it empowered ladies to challenge mainstream view of sex jobs. This is the principle issue that ought to be analyzed in more detail. Researchers are extremely careful when utilizing the term Confucian training since it is exceptionally questionable. This idea can be characterized as a set moral and political standards planned by Confucius and his adherents (Ko, Haboush, Piggott, 2003, p. 3). In any case, this philosophical and moral experienced huge changes when it was embraced in Korea or Japan (Ko, Haboush, Piggott, 2003, p. 3). In this way, Confucian instruction can take a wide range of structures. It must be conceded that somewhat, Confucian instruction can cause ladies to conform to existing social standards. For instance, one can allude to crafted by an unmistakable Chinese essayist Ban Zhao. She was a conspicuous female instructor and she contended that ladies must be submissive and agreeable to the desire of their spouses so as to maintain a strategic distance from struggle in the family (Zhao as refered to in Wang, 2003, p. 178).Advertising Looking for research project on sexual orientation contemplates? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They shouldn't voice their conclusions in the event that they repudiated the perspectives on their dads or spouses (Zhao as refered to in Wang, 2003, p. 178). In any case, simultaneously, she contended that ladies ought to be learned in the old style Chinese way of thinking; in any case there would be no amicability in the family life (Zhao as refered to in Wang, 2003, p. 178). At the end of the day, the spouse of an aristocrat must be an informed individual. Thus, one can say that Confucianism reinforces the thought the guys should go about as pioneers and leaders; in any case, it doesn't deny ladies the privilege to information. This is one of the fundamental issues that ought to be mulled over when individuals talk about the eccentricities of Confucian instruction. One can allude to different instances of Confucian idea on the training of ladies. For instance, such a researcher as Kaibara censured those privileged people who picked their spouses just based on their physical appearance (Kaibara as refered to in Ko, Haboush, Piggott, 2003, p. 196). As he would see it, such a methodology won't assist individuals with making great families. Additionally, Confucian researchers encouraged individuals to recall that ladies are answerable for the instruction of small kids; this is the reason they should approach great training (Ko, Haboush, Piggott, 2003, p. 197). All things considered, this contention infers that ladies could take an unequivocal part in the advancement of family just as society since they needed to go about as instructors who shape the perspectives and estimations of kids. This model likewise shows that Confucian societies could give ladies some duty just as force, yet their jobs were increas ingly restricted that those of men.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Women’s Education in Confucian Cultures explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More It ought to be noticed that instruction could significantly engage ladies who lived in Confucian social orders. For example, during the Kamakura time frame, proficient Japanese could partake in various social exercises, for example, claims, land exchanges, or composing wills (Ko, Haboush, Piggott, 2003, p. 215). At the end of the day, their conclusions and choices must be considered by the legitimate organizations of the nation. The interest in these exercises could scarcely be conceivable given that they had not approached instruction. This model sabotages a mainstream generalization as per which Confucian instruction just reified the compliant situation of ladies. It must be recognized that these ladies didn't have the equivalent legitimate or political rights, however they were not comp letely rejected from social relations. Aside from that, instruction empowered ladies to voice their feeling and express their perspectives on family, love, or conjugal relations. For instance, female-created sonnets can illuminate the disappointments of ladies, particularly their docile job in marriage (Ko, Haboush, Piggott, 2003, p. 163). Numerous Japanese ladies composed the supposed family books (Ko, Haboush, Piggott, 2003, p. 294). Positively, without a doubt, not very many ladies could make this type of writing; by and large, they were individuals from rich and respectable families (Ko, Haboush, Piggott, 2003, p. 294). In this way, training was not by any means the only factor that decided the situation of ladies. Extraordinary consideration ought to be paid to their social class. All the more significantly, training empowered ladies to make chronicles and accounts that were blocked off to men. Unique consideration ought to be paid to the composed language called Nu Shu. It was made by Chinese ladies who needed to impart their plans to each other without uncovering them to men.Advertising Searching for research paper on sexual orientation examines? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Their journals were identified with an assortment of inquiries, for example, the family status of ladies, the victimization them, and their failure to take autonomous choices. The advancement of this composed language is firmly inspected in the movie Nu Shu: A Hidden Language of Women in China coordinated by Yue-Qing Yand (2009). Agreeing the film, the very presence of Nu Shu content stayed unnoticed for a few centuries. It empowered ladies to communicate their thoughts and perspectives on the status inside the family and society. Once more, Nu Shu is a side-effect of Confucian instruction. In this way, one can say that the entrance to information could sabotage the prevailing force structures of the Chinese society. This conversation has a few significant ramifications. As a matter of first importance, it isn't allowable to contend that Confucian instruction was just planned for enslaving ladies. As it has been said previously, Chinese, Japanese or Korean researchers contended that females ought to approach information; else they would have the option to go about as moms or spouses. Along these lines, these journalists implicitly recognized women’s importance for family and society. Also, instruction empowered ladies to partake in social relations and helped them express their discontent. As a matter of fact, their learning was restricted, and at times it could reify the predominant force structures, yet ladies opposed this belief system to a limited extent by making their own composed accounts. By taking a gander at Confucian instruction in such a manner, one can all the more likely comprehend the complexities of present day Asian social orders. Reference List Ko, D., Haboush, J. Piggott, J. (2003). Ladies and Confucian Cultures in Premodern China, Korea, and Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press. Yang, Y. (Official Producer). (1999). Nu Shu: A Hidden Language of Women in China. Beijing: Women Make Movies. Wang, R. (2003). Pictures of Wom en in Chinese Thought and Culture: Writings fromâ the Pre-Qin Period Through Song Dynasty. New York: Hackett. This research project on Women’s Education in Confucian Cultures was composed and put together by client Annabella Turner to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

Management And Business Operation ( Easy Jet Airline) Essay

Management And Business Operation ( Easy Jet Airline) Essay Management And Business Operation ( Easy Jet Airline) â€" Essay Example > Management and Business Operations(Easy Jet Airline)Management and Business OperationEasy Jet airlineEasy Jet Airline Company Limited (popularly known as easy Jet airline) is one of Europe’s leading and largest low cost airlines, which brought success to the concept of ‘no frills, low cost’ in the aviation sector in the continent. It is a public limited company and has its base at London‘s Luton airport. The airline operates its flights in about 200 routes connecting 65 major cities of Europe. Low cost airlines operate on the principle of giving lowest possible airfares to passengers. They manage by this by following certain strategies. Low cost airlines do not offer the traditional complimentary services like food and entertainment free of cost on the flights. They try to have optimum plane utilization by running short flights with quicker turn around times. They keep simplified reservation procedures, provide point-to-point travel and generally avoid connecting flights. Employees are required to perform multiple roles for cost saving. Though the concept was initiated in 1949 by Pacific southwest airlines, it was popularised and met with success by Southwest Airlines in the U. S. Easy jet Airlines of Europe follows the business model of Southwest airlines. Easy jet airline was launched in the year 1995 by Sir Stelios Haji-Ioannou of the easy group. The airline started its operations on November 10,1995. Initially it had two Boeing 737-200 aircrafts and opearated between London Luton to Edinburgh and London to Glagscow. It has been growing eve since and the present fleet strength is 118, consisting of both Boeing 737-200 and Airbus A-100 , with a possible expansion by another 100 numbers. It became a a public limited company inOctober 2000 and is a consituent of FTSE index 250. The major shareholder of the airlines is the family of the founder who holds around 21.5%. It acquired a 49% stake in Tea Switezerland which was renamed as easy jet Switzerlan d. In 2002 it’s operations were further strengthened by the acquisition of Go Fly, a London Stansted based low cost airline. To make its claim of ‘affordable air travel to all people’ true, it followed an aggressive pricing strategy. . The airline tickets were to be booked only through phone directly and travel agents were not allowed in to the transctions. This was to avoid the commissions to be paid to the travel agents. Later bookings through the internet was introduced on a trial basis and now booking is only through online except emergeny last minute bookings. Best Airline Website Award and the Travelmole Web awards were awarded to Easy jet Best Airline web in June 2006 for its uesr friendly websites. By comparison, though easy Jet’s air fares are not the cheapeast in the budget airlines segment, the higher turnover helps it claim the leading spot in the low cost airline space. Moreover unlike other budget airlines, easy Jet caters to both leisure and business travell ers, connecting the major airports(many low cost airlines operate between the secondary airports to reduce costs) and always uses new aircrafts in its fleet. But one complaint about easy Jet is it’s inability to strictly adhere to the time schedules. It is generally critisized for it’s lack of maintaining punctuality. But a low cost airline is generally not given the first priority in a major airport which handle huge traffic. As a result it’s time schedules get affected.

   Here we are, ready to record another podcast. Yes, IEW has decided to launch into the podcasting world to better support teachers parents hybrid school teachers tutors anyone using IEW materials worldwide                                                                                     There will be two others involved in this podcast: Julie Walker, Director of Marketing, the interviewer in our podcasts, and her son, Mikael, who works for IEW as a tech specialist and will be checking to make sure the sound is clear and everything is working smoothly. We will be going through a series of ideas that are dear to our hearts and useful to you. From time to time, we will have guests on our show...like presidential candidates. Well, probably not, but we will find some interesting folks to introduce to you. A feature of our podcast that we will return to every so often is â€Å"AAA.† Normally you would think of â€Å"American Automobile Association,† but this AAA is â€Å"Ask Andrew Anything.† You can email suggestions for our podcast and specific questions you have about â€Å"anything† to Podcast@IEW.com. You may subscribe to the podcast at one of the following: iTunes Stitcher RSS Or you may visit us each week at  IEW.com/podcast.

The Secret Of The Undergraduate Program - 855 Words

Guiding Undergraduate Students The secret in education lies in respecting the student. The role of the undergraduate program is to understand what is being learned in the classroom, and taking it out of the educational structure. As professionals, it is significant to have an outreach where the students are involved, can learn around the student experience, are guided into real life jobs, and have a mentor who will be an advocate for them. The foremost goal is trying to make the students more involved. If we can set up an environment of positivity and influence, formerly, we can set the groundwork for their development in the professional world. The professionalism that we put forth, and setting examples, that if their name is attached to it, that it should be done to the best of their abilities; that there are no excuses not to give all they have towards their goals. Furthermore, making sure their experience and involvement in the school has reached beyond just success in classes, nonetheless, finding success in their careers of choice. The message we should stress, is learning as the primary activity and goal of the college environment; learning to challenge the status quo while becoming innovators. In other words, the priority should be to set up a comfortable environment where the students will be able to grow beyond what they learn. It should be our job to give them this environment where they are comfortable to talk about almost any subject manor. Additionally,Show MoreRelatedCase Study : Yale Universitys Ranking National University759 Words   |  4 Pagesscience and environmental studies {and college|and school|and college} of Divya faculty area unit well-regarded well in graduate programs. The Yale record is that the oldest college comedy magazine inside the state. Dwight Hall Associate Freelance umbrella organization that promotes stud ent service and policy inside the native city community. Yale accepts for her secret societies, the foremost vital samples of the OS and Bone Society of that category, that claim members like St. W. Bush and John KerryRead MoreThe Cause Of The Problem In The University Campus Network1095 Words   |  5 PagesI started gaining research experience during my undergraduate program after taking a networking course. Then, with my personal studies on routing and switching, I established a serious interest and anxiety to know why our campus lab’s network was always down. It was a serious research issue because I bent on knowing the cause of the problems and possible solutions to solve such problems. It was then that I discovered that the problem in our University Campus network had to do with security issuesRead MoreA Graduate Program Director And Committee Members1072 Words   |  5 PagesDear Graduate Program Director and Committee members, I have always been interested in learning more about the underlying secrets of living organisms and it intrigued me to prefer Biology compared to other science subjects. I completed my undergraduate and MS degree from the Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology at the University of Dhaka which is the top-ranked biology program of Bangladesh. For further studies, I decided to come to the United States because of the tremendousRead MoreThe Male Student Of Color1497 Words   |  6 Pagesmales of color. Through a national search for additional financing and through the involvement of the system’s board, this program has been viewed as one of the top programs for addressing issues many colleges face such as retention, graduation and student success. According to a report in Men of Color, â€Å"In 2009, Black men accounted for less than 4 percent of full–time undergraduates at public colleges and universities, but were 55 percent of football and basketbal l team members at public Division I institutionsRead MoreGrit : Perseverance And Passion For Long Term Goals Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesgrittier individuals tend to switch careers less than less grittier individuals. The hypothesis was supported. In the third study, a sample of undergraduate students, to participate in a self- reporting survey, an e-mail invitation sent to undergraduates in psychology major, team tested whether grit was associated with a cumulative GPA among undergraduates at an elite university, team used SAT score as a measure of general mental ability. The results were as expected; grittier students tend to outperformRead MoreWhere Are All The Women?1105 Words   |  5 Pagesresponsibility? Actually, today’s engineering profession takes gender diversity in college very seriously. In early 1970, Georgia Tech and Caltech both had zero female undergraduates, but â€Å"in 2011, Georgia Tech led the nation in granting engineering bachelor’s degrees to women, and in Caltech, women comprised around 40 percent of undergraduate enrollment.† Amy Bix, who is the author of â€Å"Girls Coming to Tech!: A History of American Engineering Education for Women†, tries to from a historical perspe ctiveRead MoreThe Size Of The College866 Words   |  4 Pagesopportunities are limited and so are the choices of majors. On a small campus, however students have more flexibility and freedom with their classes. â€Å"Often smaller colleges are more flexible about requirements and give you more leeway to construct programs that meet your individual interests. Some even allow you to design your own majors or don t have majors at all.†(Hyman, Jeremy S., and Lynn F. Hyman). When students are able to make their own majors, they are receiving a more accurate educationRead MoreInformation Assurance : Most Important Aspects And Considerations Essay1543 Words   |  7 Pagesinformation. According to Information Security Curriculum Creation: A Case Study, â€Å"A survey of undergraduate degree programs in Computer Science, Information Technology, Management Information Science, and others show a lack of emphasis on security issues in their curriculum.† There is a strong need to secure and protect information for many, many reasons and as such it is important that an undergraduate curriculum provides a comprehensive approach to teaching information security concepts to itsRead MorePublic Relations Chairm An Overview1344 Words   |  6 Pagesprojects the chapter’s positive reputation by evaluating chapter activities for positive public relations and educates the chapter about the importance of positive public relations. Role of Public Relations Chairman: âž ¢ Supervise the Public Relations Program. âž ¢ Act as the steward of chapter’s positive reputation. âž ¢ Serve as a role model to the rest of the chapter. âž ¢ Represent what the chapter and the Fraternity stand for to others on campus and in the community. Responsibilities of Public Relations ChairmanRead MoreThe Mba Decision1525 Words   |  7 Pagesincrease he would have, thereby maximizing his potential income. Waiting would delay possible increases and can possibly reduce his opportunity to be selected for such position. So Ben’s age plays a critical role for Ben and he should start his MBA program as soon as possible. Question 2 What other, perhaps non-quantifiable factors, affect Ben’s decision to get an MBA? Below are some of the non-quantifiable factors which may affect Ben’s decision to get an MBA: - If Ben works hard on his MBA, he could

Justinian And The Roman Empire - 1477 Words

The Byzantine Empire, though often forgotten among better-known empires, such as the Roman Empire, ran for nearly one thousand years, occupying the eastern half of what once was the Roman Empire. It engaged in trade, expansion, and decades of warfare. It also gave women a better status then men, valued and preserved Greek history, and eventually fell to the Ottomans. During the year 535, Justinian overthrew the Ostrogothic Kingdom, which had occupied Italy after the split and decline of the Roman Empire. Justinian was said to be the most ambitious emperor since Constantine, whose rule ended in 337. His goal in overthrowing the Ostrogothic Kingdom was to eventually reunify the Roman Empire. Belisarius, Justinian’s general, had already†¦show more content†¦Under the first emperor, Heraclius, the new empire struggled to keep its territory. Persia was conquering land rapidly, taking the empire’s territories in Syria and Palestine, along with Jerusalem. It took unti l 627 for Heraclius to gain a victory, recapturing Jerusalem from the Persians. It was not long, however, before Islam had sparked a desire for expansion in the Arabs. They quickly conquered Jerusalem, the entire Persian Empire, and headed to claim North Africa. In 677, the Arabs attempted to take Constantinople, the city along the port Byzantium was named for. Unlike Heraclius, the emperor during the second attempt on Constantinople had a better strategy, known as the â€Å"Greek Fire†. Leo III was able to not only defeat the Arabs at Constantinople, but also reclaim almost all of the Asia Minor, which was known as the Imperial Heartland for nearly three hundred years. Due to a stable government and a properly managed economy, the Byzantine Empire was able to last for quite a while. Emperors used their power correctly and there was a centralized government that helped keep the empire functioning even during rough times. Constantinople’s bureaucracy made sure everythin g ran smoothly. They regulated prices and wages, had systems for licensing, controlled the trade, oversaw schools, churches, observation of holidays, and even controlled the military and courts. The

Analysis Of The Locker Room By Bob Goldman, Patricia Bush,...

Many athletes are particularly trusting with regards to performance enhancers because many of them are eager to be the best in their respective sport. At the professional level, where athletes are expected to perform at high levels, many who are desperate to keep their jobs will do whatever they can to match the standard. In their book Death in the Locker Room, authors Bob Goldman, Patricia Bush, and Ronald Klatz discuss this immense pressure athletes feel to use PEDs. The authors explain how players often place this pressure on themselves because of an overwhelming desire to become famous, adored athletes. To investigate this urge, Goldman and his colleagues performed a study on 198 elite athletes, where the authors asked the athletes if they would take a drug that would give them unlimited athletic success for the next five years, but would kill them five years after that time. Shockingly, over half of the athletes admitted that they would. Goldman and his team’s findings showed that these athletes feel a practically overwhelming desire for success to the point that they would face an early death in order to secure their becoming glorious heroes. If the MLB were to allow athletes such as these access to any drug that were available, the consequences would be detrimental. Many professional baseball players, maybe as many as half, would take any and every drug despite all of the health risks and warnings just for short-lived fame. Goldman and his colleagues also

Exploring the Foreclosure Crisis and Steps to Ensure That...

In the past years we have seen a huge decline in the housing market. There have been numerous failures with some of our large institutions and we have woken up in a financial work completely different from two years ago. Our current recession was brought on by many things. People have been using their home equity lines as credit cards, corporate greed, bad loans including subprime, and a lot of very bad decisions by consumers. Our government has taken many steps towards trying to improve our current crises. The Tarp program was a last minute quick fix of temporary assets in a last attempt to help failed financial institutions. These funds are a ticking time bomb. It appears there is light at the end of the tunnel and our U shaped†¦show more content†¦I think we should start a government funded program that encourages people to purchase homes and teaches them about debt and how to manage their finances. Not everyone can afford an accountant or a CPA so we need to giv e people the knowledge and tools to be able to help themselves and make sure our personal debt is under control and help us fix every other situation we are in. People need to be taught the importance of credit scores and saving. So many people I know did not know anything about credit and ruined it from their early twenties. Your credit and your savings are key to a strong financial foundation. We could have different seminars for people so they can truly learn and offer it free to the public. We could have knowledgeable bankers volunteer and help people understand. It was the greedy financial institutions, the lenders who did not verify vital information, and the households that did not manage their wealth and were living beyond their means that led to this crisis. There is not one person or institution to blame for this crisis. We have only to look in the mirror. We have all made bad decisions. I myself did not know until recently that outstanding debt effects credit. There is so much each of us does not know and it is my dream to become a banker and be able to help people with my wisdom in finance. I would like to help people who do not know about fixing and building their credit and teach them howShow MoreRelatedDevelopmental Psychology14082 Words   |  57 Pagessocially. There are many different theories and they all take a stand on 3 basic issues: Is the course of development continuous or discontinuous? Does one coarse of development characterise all children or are there many possible courses? Are genetic or environmental facto rs more important in influencing behaviour – nature versus nurture controversy? In this essay I am going to discuss the ideas of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and The Information Processing approach regarding these three aspectsRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology14091 Words   |  57 Pagessocially. 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No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liableRead MoreCorporation (Fisch) Outline Penn Law Essay62808 Words   |  252 Page s in a world of positive transaction costs, it is sometimes more efficient to organize complex tasks within a hierarchical organization; firm permits transactions (especially complex and reiterated ones) to be accomplished more cheaply. o Types of Firms: ââ€" ª Sole Proprietorship- single owner firm ââ€" ª Partnership- an association of two or more persons to carry on as co-owners of a business for profit ââ€" ª Corporation- a special business form created byRead MoreSolutions: Income Statement and Pearson Education121412 Words   |  486 PagesPearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Chapter 1 The Corporation 1-1. 1-2. What is the most important difference between a corporation and all other organization forms? A corporation is a legal entity separate from its owners. 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Vespucci View on Native Americans Free Essays

The impression that I got from people accounted to Vespucci is that Native Indians are barbarians with no shame. Vespucci gives the impression by showing that they are cannibals (Vespucci 18). For example, they will eat human flesh from their enemies. We will write a custom essay sample on Vespucci View on Native Americans or any similar topic only for you Order Now They have no leader and no rules are set. Basically, I picture humans running around like wild animals without shame. In addition, the men are lustful without shame, taking as much women as they can. Even the women are crazy; they would cause abortion if their husband anger them (Vespucci 18). I get the impression that they have no remorse and that they are evil. The only positive thing that I feel is that they are creative, when it comes to music and that food is plentiful. For example, the Indians play various instruments such as horns and bells (Vespucci 18). Overall, I feel that these Indians are too psychotic and that they need to reform their ways immediately. The document shows that the author is pretty honest, but cocky. He would offer friendship first, but if the Indians do not accept, they would be subjected to slavery (Vespucci 18). This shows me that he’s at least fair when making deals. I feel that he’s fascinated by the way the Indians live, but not in a good way. His tone is arrogant, because his people see Indians as a pathetic civilization. The author shows that he did not know that such people existed, until he discovered them. He contradicts himself though, when he would capture Indians and make them into slaves if they did not accept his friendship. Enslaving people is also immoral and unethical. Vespucci is a bit headstrong when judging others, when he too is judged by others. How to cite Vespucci View on Native Americans, Essay examples

Drug Addiction and Cocaine User free essay sample

It causes feelings of euphoria, pleasure, increased energy and alertness. People under the influence of cocaine often do not feel the need for food or sleep. They also feel energetic and may talk a lot. However, depending on factors such as environment, dosage, and the manner in which the drug is taken, cocaine can have adverse effects such as violent, erratic behavior, dizziness, paranoia, insomnia, convulsions, and  heart failure to name a few. Long- term effects of cocaine include, but are not limited to strokes,  heart attacks, seizures, loss of memory, and decrease in learning capability (1). People may not always know the exact consequences of the drug they are taking; however, chances are that they do know that the drug is unhealthy for them. Schools across the country educate about the dangers of drug use and abuse through programs like D. A. R. E. , television stations show anti-drug advertisements as a public service, and even city buses blazon anti-drug propaganda. People are aware that very rarely does anything good come from drug use, and still, everyday people fall victim to drugs. Why do people succumb to the urge to try drugs? It feels good why else? When a person takes cocaine, it  causes a rush. There is between one or two minutes of intense pleasure. This is followed by five to 8 minutes of euphoria, then as the high comes down, an overwhelming urge for more, which may last for a day. (3) When a user is between cocaine doses or halts usage, the opposite effects occur. The user is depressed and tired (2). Cocaine is attractive to users because it triggers dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is present in many regions of the brain. In normal mice, the  introduction of cocaine increases dopamine by 150 percent. Dopamine regulates movement, emotion, motivation, and the feeling of pleasure. In a normal brain, dopamine is released by a neuron into a synapse and then it moves to dopamine receptors on other neurons. It is then moved back to the neuron that transmitted the dopamine initially. When cocaine enters the area of the brain where the dopamine is located, it blocks the reuptake pumps that remove the dopamine from the synapse of the nerve cell. Thus, more dopamine gathers at the synapse and feelings of intense pleasure result. This feeling continues until cocaine is naturally removed from the system (2). Research findings by the National Institute of Drug Addiction (NIDA) demonstrate that cocaine not only affects the level of dopamine in the brain, but also the level of serotonin. In a study using mice without dopamine transporters, the mice were given cocaine and they still experienced rewarding effects. This was obvious because the animals kept on attempting to get or self-administer more. These researchers speculate that more than one neurotransmitter is responsible for the pleasurable feeling cocaine yields (2). Although main hypothesis as to why cocaine is so pleasurable, is that it alters levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, some scientists report that cocaine effects approximately 90 different parts of the brain, not just the two main regions of the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens. However, it is interesting that it is these two regions of the brain that remain active after the cocaine has left the system, and the powerful, uncontrollable desire for the drug has set in. (3)   The first time people use cocaine and its effects fade, they want more. Such is the nature of the drug. The main reason cocaine use continues is the need to experience the high and the development of dependence. Dependence is, the need to maintain a level of the drug in the brain to both satisfy the need and stimulate the reward center, and avoid physical withdrawal symptoms (5). There is continual research occurring about dependence and how it can be streamlined. It was recently discovered through newer imaging techniques that cocaine hinders blood flow. This is why is it can cause brain damage or defects. Recent research demonstrates that if a cocaine user even thinks about cocaine, the blood flow is altered. This suggests that the addictive nature of the drug is stronger than we think, because simply thinking about it produces similar results in addicts brains (4). This is likely to be a result of the way in which cocaine changes the structure of an abuser’s brain. Scientists are working furiously for a way to combat cocaine addiction. They specifically are examining the genetic factors that contribute to the addiction (5). However, even if scientists do identify all of the factors that cause addiction, they are still faced with the dilemma of how exactly to stop the addiction. New hope to end cocaine addiction lies in experimental drugs, such as one that is used to treat epilepsy and holistic approaches such as acupuncture. Although it may seem like science knows a great deal about addiction and the effects of cocaine, scientific knowledge still cannot make the cocaine problem disappear. There is no sure cure for cocaine addiction. Once you try the drug, addiction strikes randomly, like a bullet in a game of Russian roulette. There is no cure for the addiction. Before trying the drug, really think; is a moment of pleasure worth a lifetime of pain? Treatment for Cocaine is very complex but just like treatment for any other drug it is possible. Cocaine abuse and addiction is a problem involving biological changes in the brain as well as social, family, and environmental factors. Therefore, treatment of cocaine addiction is complex, and must address a variety of problems. Like any good treatment plan, cocaine treatment strategies need to assess the psychobiological, social, and pharmacological aspects of the patients drug abuse. As far as pharmacological changes there are no medications currently available to treat cocaine addiction specifically. Consequently, NIDA is aggressively pursuing the identification and testing of new cocaine treatment medications. Several newly emerging compounds are being investigated to assess their safety and efficacy in  treating cocaine addiction. For example, one of the most promising anti-cocaine drug medications to date, Selegeline, is being taken into multi-site phase III clinical trials in 1999. These trials will evaluate two innovative routes of Selegeline administration: a transdermal patch and a time-released pill, to determine which is most beneficial. Disulfiram, a medication that has been used to  treat alcoholism, has also been shown, in clinical studies, to be effective in reducing cocaine abuse. † (7) Because of mood changes experienced during the early stages of cocaine abstinence, antidepressant drugs have been shown to be of some benefit. In addition to the problems of treating addiction, cocaine overdose results in many deaths every year and medical treatments are being developed to deal with the acute emergencies resulting from excessive cocaine abuse. Many behavioral treatments have been found to be effective for cocaine addiction, including both residential and outpatient approaches. Indeed, behavioral therapies are often the only available, effective treatment approaches to many drug problems, including cocaine addiction. However, integration of both types of treatments is ultimately the most effective approach for treating addiction. It is important to match the best treatment to the needs of the patient. This may include adding to or removing from an individuals treatment a number of different components or elements. â€Å"For example, if an individual is prone to relapses, a relapse component should be added to the program. A behavioral therapy component that is showing positive results in many cocaine-addicted populations is contingency management. Contingency management uses a voucher-based system to give positive rewards for staying in treatment and remaining cocaine free. Based on drug-free urine tests, the patients earn points, which can be exchanged for items that encourage healthy living, such as joining a gym, or going to a movie and dinner. † (7) Cognitive-behavioral therapy is another approach. Cognitive-behavioral coping skills treatment, for example, is a short-term, focused approach to helping cocaine-addicted individuals become abstinent from cocaine and other substances. The underlying assumption is that learning processes play an important role in the development and continuation of cocaine abuse and dependence. The same learning processes can be employed to help individuals reduce drug use. This approach attempts to help patients to recognize, avoid, and cope; which then helps to recognize the situations in which they are most likely to use cocaine, avoid these situations when appropriate, and cope more effectively with a range of problems and problematic behaviors associated with drug abuse. â€Å"This therapy is also noteworthy because of its compatibility with a range of other treatments patients may receive, such as pharmacotherapy. Therapeutic communities, or residential programs with planned lengths of stay of 6 to 12 months, offer another alternative to those in need of treatment for cocaine addiction. Therapeutic communities are often comprehensive, in that they focus on the resocialization of the individual to society, and can include on-site vocational rehabilitation and other supportive services. Therapeutic communities typically are used to treat patients with more severe problems, such as co-occurring mental health problems and criminal involvement. † (7) I chose cocaine as my research topic because I was not too familiar with this drug. I know people in my life who have used this drug; however, I did not know the details and treatment methods behind this addiction. Cocaine like any other addiction is very hard to overcome.

Peter The Greats Westernization Of Russia Essays - House Of Romanov

Peter the Great's Westernization of Russia Peter the Great's Westernization of Russia In 1689, Tsar Peter I forced his way into power in Russia. Better known as Peter the Great, he overthrew his half-sister's regime and took control of the state. At this time, Russia was dealing with rapid expansion, yet it was still a very backwards country compared to the rest of Europe. Russia was also dealing with economic woes. Peter loathed this backward condition and devised a plan. Within ten years of gaining power, he began to travel through western Europe in search of skilled workers. On his tour of western Europe, Peter met kings, scientists, craft workers and ship builders. He even worked undercover in a Netherlands shipyard in hopes of learning better methods of crafting vessels. Eighteen months later Peter returned to Russia and began to use this new wealth of knowledge to "westernize" his nation. His idea of westernization was the modernization of Russia. He wanted to "turn Russia to the west". Peter the Great adopted many of the ideas used by Ivan the Terrible in the fifteenth century. He ruled as a tyrant and held himself above the law. Peter alarmed the nobility and churchmen with his new objective. He snipped off the beards of the Boyars, land-owning men of influence and wealth, and ended their sway in government. Peter was determined to "civilize" nobility and even composed a book of manners. This book forbid such actions as spitting on floors and eating without utensils. He also promoted courtly discussions between men and women. Eventually he ended up increasing their power over the serfs, the countryside peasants. Next, Peter fortified Russia's army and navy to ensure a strong military, established a modern iron industry to promote production, and expanded and added additional roads and canals for the purpose of stimulating trade. Farming and manufacturing were also encouraged by the tsar. Unfortunately for the serfs they were not only burdened with the task of mandatory labor for the state, but they were left to deal with steep taxes as well. For them, a less than bountiful harvest often meant starvation. In the implementation of his new ideas, Tsar Peter had twelve hundred of the streltsy, the elite army corps who opposed westernization, executed and hung in public. He left their decomposing bodies on display in front of the Kremlin for months to dissuade challenges to his authority. He even tortured his own son when he voiced opposition to Peter's wave of change. These merciless actions stunned everyone and proved his determination and power. Peter also appointed a personal agent to regulate the affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church. This led to the church becoming a virtual extension of the state. In 1709, Peter defeated Swedish forces at the battle of Poltava and gained land on the Gulf of Finland. He then moved the capital of Russia to the newly constructed port city of St. Petersburg. It is here that Peter flaunted his country's rising wealth and created Peterhof, an elaborate palace emulating Louis XIV's Versailles. St. Petersburg was built by serfs and ensured Russia's access to the west. Peter the Great died in 1725. One major thing he left out of his idea of westernization appears to be the exploration and colonization of far off lands. He was more focused on strengthening Russia from within. While England, France, Spain and Portugal were heavily involved in exploration, Peter was working diligently to bring his nation to the same level as his western neighbors. He carried Russia a long way from Ivan the Terrible's "time of troubles". His country was now much more powerful in terms of its military, its economy and its status in Europe. Peter had paved the road to a more powerful positon in the world economy. The reign of Peter the Great was not one of grand humanity but it led his country into the future. His hard work and stringency created a nation of power and influence out of the backwards and laggard realm that he had acquired. He was a stern man, often overly barbaric, but he achieved many of his "westernization" objectives. Without his rule, Russia may not have become the powerful nation that it needed to be in order to survive in the early-modern era.

Definition and Examples of Intensifiers in English

Definition and Examples of Intensifiers in English In English grammar, an intensifier is a word that emphasizes another word or phrase. Also known as a booster or an amplifier. Intensifying adjectives modify nouns; intensifying adverbs commonly modify verbs, gradable adjectives, and other adverbs. Contrast with downtoner. Etymology From the Latin, stretch, intend Examples and  Observations Oh, I am so not in the mood for this. Ive just been shot!The woodwind has a slightly greater scope than the violin.The women I had as very close friends were very independent women, very progressive. Theyre very sensitive about social change. Functions of Intensifiers To some degree, an intensifier acts as a signal: it announces that the word following it is worn out and that it should be understood as inadequate. For example, in the phrase an utterly beautiful night, the author is saying, Look, I mean something beyond beautiful, even if I dont have the precise word; try to imagine it... Versatile Adverbs Intensifiers are morphologically perhaps  the most versatile category of adverbs in English. A glance at their history would appear to support the layering hypothesis.  There are intensifiers  that may be called fused forms, such as the suffixless very and compound somewhat, which both go back to Late Middle English, whereas the phrasal expressions sort of and kind of are more recent. Boosters and Language Change Humans are indeed natural-born exaggerators, and this trait is one of the main driving forces behind language change. Nowhere is this more obvious than in the constant renewal of intensifying words, or what are sometimes called boosters. These are the little words that fortify adjectives. They express a high point along a scale. Something isnt just good but awfully good, terribly good or even bloody good. Inevitably, such dramatic words wear out with time and become mundane. Alternative expressions then have to be found. This has already happened to boosters like awfully, terribly and horribly. You can see that at the root of these expressions are words like awe (originally, fear, dread), terror and horror. So they had strong, even gruesome beginnings. But overuse bleached them of this energy and force, and before long they meant little more than very. Repeat Intensifiers The sheer number of [intensifiers], all with more or less the same meaning, is significant. If you havent made your case, you have to pound the adverbial drums, the same way the boy in the story had to insist that this time, there really, really, really was a wolf. Strunk and White on Intensifiers Rather, very, little, pretty- these are the leeches that infest the pond of prose, sucking the blood of words. The constant use of the adjective little (except to indicate size) is particularly debilitating; we should all try to do a little better, we should all be very watchful of this rule, for it is a rather important one and we are pretty sure to violate it now and then. William Cobbett on the Adverbs of Exaggeration (1818) Be rather sparing than liberal in the use of Adjectives. One which expresses your meaning is better than two, which can, at best, do no more than express it, while the additional one may possibly do harm. But the error most common in the use of Adjectives is the endeavoring to strengthen the Adjective by putting an adverb before it, and which adverb  conveys the notion that the quality or property expressed by the Adjective admits of degrees: as very honest, extremely just. A man may be wiser than another wise man; an act may be more wicked than another wicked act; but a man cannot be more honest than another; every man who is not honest must be dishonest, and every act which is not just must be unjust. Sources: Meg Masters in  Supernatural, 2005 John Philip Sousa Toni Morrison Arthur Plotnik,  Spunk Bite: A Writers Guide to Punchier, More Engaging Language Style. Random House, 2005 Terttu Nevalainen, Three Perspectives on Grammaticalization.  Corpus Approaches to Grammaticalization in English, ed. by  Hans Lindquist and Christian Mair. John Benjamins, 2004 Kate Burridge,  Gift of the Gob: Morsels of English Language History. HarperCollins Australia, 2011 Ben Yagoda,  When You Catch an Adjective, Kill It. Broadway Books, 2007 William Strunk, Jr., and E.B. White,  The Elements of Style. 1972 William Cobbett,  A Grammar of the English Language in a Series of Letters, 1818

Thermal Properties of Glass Transition

Thermal Properties of Glass Transition Fiber reinforced polymer composites are often used as structural components that are exposed to extremely high or low heats. These applications include: Automotive engine componentsAerospace and military productsElectronic and circuit board componentsOil and gas equipment The thermal performance of an FRP composite will be a direct result of the resin matrix and the curing process. Isophthalic, vinyl ester, and epoxy resins generally have very good thermal performance properties. While orthophthalic resins most often exhibit poor thermal performance properties. Additionally, the same resin can have vastly different properties, depending on the curing process, curing temperature, and time cured. For example, many epoxy resins require a post-cure to help reach the highest thermal performance characteristics. A post-cure is the method of adding temperature for a duration of time to a composite after the resin matrix has already cured through the thermosetting chemical reaction. A post cure can help align and organize the polymer molecules, further increasing structural and thermal properties. Tg - The Glass Transition Temperature FRP composites can be used in structural applications that require elevated temperatures, however, at higher temperatures, the composite can lose modulus properties. Meaning, the polymer can soften and become less stiff. The loss of modulus is gradual at lower temperatures, however, each polymer resin matrix will have a temperature that when reached, the composite will transition from a glassy state to a rubbery state. This transition is called the glass transition temperature or Tg. (Commonly referred to in conversation as T sub g). When designing a composite for a structural application, it is important to make sure the FRP composites Tg will be higher than the temperature it might ever be exposed to. Even in non-structural applications, the Tg is important as the composite can change cosmetically if the Tg is exceeded. Tg is most commonly measured using two different methods: DSC - Differential Scanning Calorimetry This is a chemical analysis which detects energy absorption. A polymer requires a certain amount of energy to transition states, much like water requires a certain temperature to transition to steam. DMA - Dynamic Mechanical Analysis This method physically measures stiffness as heat is applied, when a rapid decrease in modulus properties occurs, the Tg has been reached. Although both methods of testing the Tg of a polymer composite are accurate, it is important to use the same method when comparing one composite or polymer matrix to another. This reduces variables and provides a more accurate comparison.

Evidence based practice and PICO format Assignment

Evidence based practice and PICO format - Assignment Example Therefore, EBP can also be said to aim at using evidence to change practice for the better, mainly because it builds on the collection, analysis, appraisal and incorporation of clinically applicable, significant and valid research. In the practice setting, EBP is brought into use by encouraging the concept of inquiry. Current methods are questioned, providing the platform for the search and collection of relevant evidence, focusing on both ethical and legal issues. After the evidence is critically appraised, it is used to change questionable practices that have been in use previously. In the clinical setting, wound care management is a common nursing practice that requires a critical search for evidence in terms of how it should be conducted. Since the wound has already occurred, treatment is an inevitable part of the healing process. As a healthcare practitioner, formulating a question regarding the treatment of the wounds in terms of recognizing effective interventions and reducing risk factors then eventually resulting in improved prognosis is imperative. Male children are naturally hyperactive, and from the P perspective of the PICO (T) concept can be perceived as a vulnerable population to injuries and consequential problems of the wounds due to the activities of their stage in life. A viable question would be: â€Å"how wounds frequently found on boy children should be treated differently from those on adults and girl children?† This involves a critical question because it is gender specific and evidence can be provided that focusing on boy children actually targets a particular population (Yoder-Wise, 2007). Depending on where they are brought up, treatment of wounds does not necessarily have to be based on sanitizing wounds and requiring operations, albeit minor ones. Rather than stereotyping all childhood wounds to arise from cuts and bruises occurring from simple falls, some can rightly be considered to come from

Healthcare proposal Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Healthcare - Research Proposal Example The major problem is the financial crunch which has forced the authority to think about the operations of the hospital in short and in long run. The basic objective of this study is to find out ways in which the hospital can be in operations in short as well as in long run. There is a need to find a way out of the present prevailing problems and the study will look to resolve the crisis. Developing ways or models that will make the hospital sustain and grow is also a significant purpose of the study. The problem is the rising health care costs for the past few years and it has become a problem in the recent times as there is an economic slow down or downturn. The question is how the hospital will sustain in this situation with a deficit budget for past three years. The health reform measures are found out not to be sufficient enough in solving the financial problem. It might help to a certain extent but it can't become a full proof worked out plan to the recent financial problem. Previously there were sources that helped it out to certain extent. The problem of infant and also asthma mortality is high in the entire adjacent neighborhood and it was managed through different sources. But due to the economic downturn even these sources have been forced to cut off their expenditures and consequently the hospital funding has also turned out to be in that expenditure. Even if funds are generated to solve the current situation ... But due to the economic downturn even these sources have been forced to cut off their expenditures and consequently the hospital funding has also turned out to be in that expenditure. Even if funds are generated to solve the current situation the question of future sustainability comes. For this purpose a model or approach is to be formulated to solve problem related to the financial matter of the hospital with the intention that it can serve the people for longer period of time. There are many factors such as deficit financing, allocation of funds to hospitals from the government, political influence, human resource and many more problems that are to be addressed in developing an effective system with a proper financial backup plan to run smoothly the business of the hospital. It is not only to develop the strategy that will meet the financial purpose but the focus is upon the quality of the service with proper integration along with other departments and reorganizing the hospital operations to make it more effective in serving the surrounding people. Proposal The proposal is of developing a new system or a model which will serve the financial as well as the service providing capacity in accordance to the norms set up by IOM and maintaining of the quality in guidance provided by NQF. The Organization of the Health Services In any health centers, team work along with proper integration of the entire department is essential for achieving the objectives of the health center. The integration is necessary especially with the IT and Human Resource Department. The main objective is to provide an enhance service to everyone. Therefore

Controlled Release Fertilizers And Nanotechnology Traces

Controlled Release Fertilizers And Nanotechnology Traces One of the most significant problems of crop fertilization by ordinary fertilizers is nutrient loss to environment which causes lots of environmental and human health problems besides decreasing the efficiency of crop nitrification. As a solution, controlled or slow release fertilizers have been developed to overcome drawbacks of traditional fertilizers. In this review common types of CRFs and some related concepts. Also, focusing on polymer coated CRFs, different preparation and different coating application methods will be studied. In addition, some features of nanotechnology and nano-materials in preparation of controlled release fertilizers in previous works will be reviewed. Introduction In general, plants must be supplied with nutrients during the whole vegetation period. In horticulture this is achieved by applying quickly soluble fertilizer once to twice a week, for example. This kind of fertilizer application is very labour-intensive and requires considerable specialist knowledge, so as to select the correct rate of application, appropriate time of application and correct composition for the particular plants to ensure optimum plant production. With the use of slow or controlled release fertilizers the full amount of nutrients necessary for the whole vegetation period can be applied at the time of planting or at the earliest stages of plant growth, in the form of a nutrient pool Also, about half of the applied fertilizers, depending on the method of application and soil condition, is lost to the environment, which results in the contamination of water [1].This kind of environmental concerns of feeding crops with traditional fertilizers has led to developing Slow Release Fertilizers (SRFs) or Controlled Release Fertilizers (CRFs). SRFs or CRFs are easy and safe to use. They reduce risk of incorrect fertilizer application. Also, they are labour saving and minimize nutrient losses by leaching or fixation. The idea of producing SRFs was developed since 1963 by encapsulation of fertilizers by waxes. After that, these products have been commercialized. There are lots of SRF and CRF brands. Some of these products are Scotts Professional with key brands such as Osmocote, Sierrablen and Osmoform. Aglukon and SunGro Company are also producing controlled release fertilizers. Like lots of scientific fields, agriculture industry has been over shadowed by nanotechnology. Applications of nanotechnology in agriculture includes agriculture crop improvement, nano-biotechnology analysis of gene expression and regulation soil management, plant disease diagnostics, efficient pesticides and fertilizers, water management, bioprocessing, post harvest technology, monitoring the identity and quality of agricultural produce and precision agriculture. Efficient pesticides and fertilizers are recently being developed in terms of nano-composite based slow or controlled release fertilizers.Using nanoparticles as reinforcing or cementing agent of polymer coatings and also as reservoir of fertilizers are features of nanoparticles which have been used in preparing slow release fertilizers [2-4]. Fertilizers Fertilizers are applied to soil to promote plant growth. They contain some beneficial nutrients including macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium which are added to soil in quantities from 0.2% to 4.0% (on a dry matter weight basis) and are more essential than micronutrients. Micronutrients are elements which are applied to soil in much smaller amounts, ranging from 5 to 200 ppm, or less than 0.02% dry weigh. These elements could be boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), zinc (Zn)[5]. 2.2. Types of fertilizers Fertilizers would be categorized from source of production and also from release properties points of view. All fertilizers could be organic or synthetic from production source point of view. Organic fertilizers are naturally produced including seaweed, worm casting, manure, slurry, peat, humic acid, guano and brassin. They provide slow release of nutrient as they need soils bacteria to be broken down to needed elements. Also, they may improve the biodiversity of soil by supplying organic matters and micronutrients for organisms. Organic fertilizers are cheaper and safer than synthetic fertilizers. The main synthetic or mineral fertilizers which are the sources of nitrogen (N), potassium(K), phosphate (P) are urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, phosphate rock, potassium chloride, super phosphates, calcium ammonium nitrate, potassium sulfate. Fertilizers could be in compound form (NP, PK, NPK).The most important drawback of synthetic fertilizer is their long term sustainability. Also, they are more expensive in contrast to organic fertilizers [5]. In addition, fertilizers can be categorized into ordinary and controlled release fertilizers from release properties points of view. Drawbacks of non-controlled release fertilizers Ordinary fertilizers leach to soil very quickly and most of them are not used by the plants. According to figures about 40-70% of nitrogen, 80-90% of phosphorous, and 50-70% of the applied normal fertilizer is lost to environment and cannot be used by plants [6]. This rapid leaching will cause burning of plants and growing in spurts. Also, the lost elements will cause some serious problems for environment. Eutrophication, blue baby syndrome, soil acidification, persistent organic pollutants, heavy metal accumulation, atmospheric effects are environmental concerns of ordinary fertilizers. Another result of quick leaching of fertilizer is repeating the application of fertilizers which will increase the cost [5]. Slow or controlled release fertilizers Slow release fertilizers or controlled release fertilizers are granules coated in a substance that reduce the releasing time of nutrients and eliminates need for constant fertilization and higher efficiency rate than soluble fertilizers [7]. Some of advantages of controlled release fertilizers are long availability of nutrients during growing-season, reduced loss of nutrients through leaching, reduced cost and labor outlay, better storage and handling of fertilizer, reduced immobilization reactions in soil, reduction of nitrification reaction and nitrogen loss through ammonia volatilization and denitrification, elimination of seed damage because of high concentration of salts, elimination of leaf burning from high rates of applied fertilizers, better seasonal growth distribution and better acclimatization in home or display environment [8]. Differences between slow and controlled release fertilizers Although there is not special difference between general function of CRF and the one for SRF, but it should be mentioned that they are manufactured by different materials and techniques with different properties. In slow release fertilizers elements are present in fertilizers in a chemical form, which is not available to plants and they will be converted by physiochemical effects or microorganisms activities into nutrient forms in the soil. But in controlled release fertilizers elements are packed in coated granules and are released through the coating over a certain period of time. Also, in SRFs nutrients available period is affected by a lot of factors such as water content of soil, pH, temperature, microorganisms activity and aeration. However, the longevity of CRF depends mostly on coating thickness and temperature of soil. Only coating method is effective in changing pattern of nutrients release and a fixed coating thickness control nutrients release. In CRFs declared release ti me refers to soil temperature of 20-21oC. Higher temperatures accelerate the element release and lower temperatures make it longer [9]. SRFs are fertilizers with a chemical structure which are inherently slow released. Some kinds of SRFs are Urea Aldehydes (UA) and Chelated Micronutrients (CM). Common type of UAs is urea formaldehyde which is high nitrogen fertilizer. Starting release rate of UAs is high but it dies off slowly for 3 years. This kind of fertilizer depends on microorganisms to break it down for plant use. CMs are substances that hold firmly together iron, manganese, zinc, and copper. They slowly releases over a long period of time [8]. 2.4.2. Types of CRFs 2.4.2.1. Sulfur Coated (SC) When elemental sulfur is oxidized to its sulfate form, the product would be one of the nutrients which is essential for some plants and is normally blended with other fertilizers. Using sulfur coating is also another way to provide sulfur while making slow release properties for a core granular fertilizer. As the sulfur containing materials like polysulfides or lingosulfonate are brittle and also give a low wetting of defects, they are normally mixed with waxes or plasticizers. Many formulas are available for SCs. Their release time is generally 3-4 months and the nutrient is released from SCs by microorganisms activity [10-14]. 2.4.2.2. Wax coated (WC) One of the methods of reducing fertilizer release rate is dispersing granular fertilizers with molten wax and then cooling the mixture below the melting point of the wax [15]. Paraffin is one of the most used waxes as a coating for fertilizers. Paraffin  wax   is a white, tasteless, odorless solid, with a typical melting point between about 47  °C and 64  °[16]. Other types of waxes are synthetic oil based, petroleum or mineral waxes. Waxes are normally used by an additive or a tackifier to make good sealing properties [17,18] 2.4.2.3. Polymer Coated (PC) Polymer-coated fertilizers (PCF) represent the most technically advanced controlled released fertilizers. They include a water-soluble fertilizer core and one or more than one layers of polymer. There are large varieties of polymers to coat the core fertilizer also the coatings layer could be the same one or different. In PC fertilizers release of nutrients will happen by diffusion through a semi permeable polymer membrane. Water penetrates the coating and dissolves the core. Release rate can be controlled by varying the composition and thickness of the coating. In addition, pressure builds up can cause cracks to form, from which fertilizer passes into the soil [8]. 2.5. Review of different types of polymer coated CRFs 2.5.1. Sole Polymer coated CRFs One type of polymer coated CRFs is the one that the fertilizer core which could be N, P, K or compound fertilizer, is just coated with one or more than one layer of polymer coating. In this case the polymer could be solvent based or water-based. The application process starts with dissolving the polymer in an organic solvent or water. After dissolving, the coating will be sprayed onto the fertilizer in a coating drum or fluid bed [19]. Polymer coated fertilizers have some. One of them is that uniform and defect free coating will surround fertilize. The other is that the coating will be very tough and durable which is resistant against mechanical breakdown. Also, polymer coatings are biologically inactive so they will not breakdown by soil microbes. In most cases except for degradable polymers release of fertilizers will occur by diffusion through the polymer coat rather than through defects. In some other coated fertilizers like sulfur coatings there should be a flaw in coating to cause releasing of fertilizer. There are lots of examples for polymers which have been used in the literatures as coating for fertilizers. Some of them include dicyclopentadien [20], urea and urethane based [21-26], epoxy based [27-29], polyvinylidene chloride-based latex [19] carboxyl-carrying ethylene polymers [30], biodegradable starch based [31], urea formaldehyde [32]. However, polymer coated fertilizers have some week points. About solvent-based coatings using large amount of organic solvents like toluene or xylene will lead to environmental concerns. These solvents are volatile and releasing them to environment makes some hazards for human health. Also, polymer coatings are more expensive than sulfur coatings because not only polymer materials are more expensive but also process and equipments which are used for production of polymer coated fertilizers are also more complex than equipments used for other coatings. 2.5.2. Sulfur-polymer coated CRFs One of most common coated fertilizers are the ones in which core fertilizer is covered by a layer of sulfur coating and a layer of polymer. Polymer layer can be the primer or outer layer. It means that sulfur layer in some researches has been the first layer and in some others the outer layer. Using polymers as coating is suggested method to remove drawbacks of sulfur coated CRFs. One of these drawbacks is very fast release of sulfur coated fertilizer in first few days after application. The other one is brittleness of sulfur coatings which may lead to some fractures during handling or storage and losing the fertilizer. Another problem is that sulfur coatings have a high surface tension with water and cannot provide enough wetting for a good diffusion [11, 13, 19, 28]. The most common method for applying the sulfur coating is by spraying. Molten sulfur compound will be sprayed over a pre-polymer coated fertilizer granule [28,33]. 2.5.3. Wax-polymer coated CRFs There are lots of researches focusing on making controlled release fertilizers using wax-polymer coatings. A wax layer has three major benefits. One is that they are applied over the polymer layer for decreasing the fracture probability of coating and the other one is for decreasing the amount of polymer and avoiding consuming lots of polymers to make the process cost effective. Also, they can eliminate imperfection of granules surface to make a good surface coating. Most common waxes which have been used in state of the art are C30 alpha-olefin and paraffin. Other petroleum products like lubricants and bitumen or natural products like canola oil, soybean oil, coconut oil and palm oil, also have been used. After melting the wax it will be applied by just mechanical mixing with polymer coated granules. Normally the polymer is thermoset to avoid any damages of polymer by the waxs high temperature in its melting point. The wax normally should have drop melting point from 50 to 120 °C. Wax is normally about 0.2% to 10 % by weight of fertilizer [17, 28, 34, 35]. 2.5.4. Filler-polymer coated CRFs As mentioned before, despite lots of advantages of polymer coating to make slow release properties when such polymers are used as a sole coating material the ultimate product would be expensive as you have to consume large amounts of polymer. Using mineral or organic fillers is one way to avoid using large amount of polymer. Also, in some researches fillers play the role of detackifier, to prevent adherence of coated granules to each other. In addition they are strengthening agent of coatings [36]. Fillers may be used either as a mixture with polymer to make a nano-composite polymer [37] or as a separate layer. The most common method is the latter in which the filler will be added by mixing with polymer coated granules before drying the granules. Most common used fillers are some very fine(less than 20 microns) inert inorganic materials like clay, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, kaolin, gypsum powdered limestone, talc, barium sulfate. Some other fillers like waste cellulosic materials also have used as filler in combination with polymer [37-41]. 2.6. Techniques of applying polymer coating According to previous studies have been done, encapsulation methods of fertilizers can be divided into three methods including in-situ, spraying and mixing. 2.6.1. In situ This method includes formation of fluid dispersion of the soluble fertilizer in a solvent and mixing the prepared solution with monomers of a polymer coating. Polymerization will happen and depending on the method, granules or particles of fertilizers will form. Ni et al [42] have developed a double-coated urea fertilizer. For preparation of poly (N-vinyl-pyrrolidone) hydrogels containing urea (PCU), the monomer and a solution of urea in N-vinyl-pyrrolidone were mixed together. The polymerization was carried out at 65-C for 3 h. The resulting samples were vacuum-dried, milled, screened and stored. After that first coating was dried, sample and some amounts of urea were mixed with sodium alginate (SA) solution. Mixed solution was then added drop wise into 5% (w/w) CaCl2 aqueous solution and stirred constantly. The drops immediately turned into granules (about 4mm in diameter) because the SA in the drop was crosslinked by Ca2+ at once. The granules were filtered and dried in oven at 70- C. Then the granules were added to ethylcellulose ethanol solution. Multiple ethylcellulose (EC) coatings were prepared by immersion of the previously coated granules into the ethylcellulose solution repeatedly. Thus, EC-coated urea granules with different coa ting thickness were obtained. Hanafi et al [43], have coated a compound fertilizer by polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyacrylamide (PA), natural rubber (NR), and polylactic acid (PLA) using in situ method. For encapsulation of compound fertilizer with polyacrylamide the granules were added to the solution mixture of monomers. Then the polymerization reaction will start in existence of fertilizers. The thickness of the coating layer on the compound fertilizer granules, determined by SEM(Fig.2), gave PVC compound coated fertilizer the highest value of 3.04 lm, and the lowest was obtained by PA (2.04  µm). Variation in the characteristics of the polymers would be utilized in producing CR compound fertilizer that fit the requirements of growing plants. Hudson et al [28] used epoxy to coat the fertilizer. In this research the urea granules were charged to a pan and warmed to 95 °C. Then the hydrogenated tallaw amine, 2-amino ethyl peperazine and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether were mixed and were added to the granules. Meanwhile polymerization happened and prepared mixture was agitated till the fertilizer granules dried. 2.6.2. Spraying method This method is most common method for coating application on fertilizer granules in state of the art. Usually, the solution of polymer in a suitable solvent is sprayed on the granule of fertilizer and then the granules are dried to remove the solvent through evaporation. The treatment is repeated as often as necessary until the desired coating percentage is reached. Tomaszewska et al [44] have used spray technique for encapsulation of fertilizers. In order to improve the properties of coatings, the granules of previously coated fertilizer (wet method) were sprayed with a polymer solution or pure solvent (N,N dimethylformamide). Concentration of the polymer in solutions used for spraying was in the range of 13-17 wt%. Measurements of thickness, porosity of prepared coatings and microphotographic observation of the coatings were taken. Fig.3 shows the cross section of double coated fertilizer. Ma et al [45] have developed a method for encapsulation of fertilizer with a self assembled coating. The fertilizer granules were heated in a rotary drum to 75 °C for 10 minutes. Then the self assembling amphiphilic molecules (N,N-bisaminoethyl eleostearate) were sprayed over the fertilizer. After 20 minutes aliphatic isocyanates were sprayed over fertilizer. This process was repeated once again. The fertilizer kept for drying in the 75 °C for 20 minutes. Dai et al [46] also, have developed a controlled release fertilizer using a water soluble resin as a coating. The granular compound fertilizer was coated in fluidized bed. Lan et al [47], prepared a double-coated slow-release NPK fertilizer with superabsorbent and water-retention properties (DSFSW), whose inner coating was chitosan (CTS), and the outer coating was crosslinked poly (acrylic acid)/diatomite-containing urea (PAADU). This prepared product not only has slow-release property but also could absorb a large amount of water and preserve the soil moisture at the same time. In addition, the outer coating (PAADU) could protect the inner coating (CTS) from mechanical damage. These were significant advantages over the normal slow release or controlled-release fertilizers, which generally have only a slow-release property. The results indicated that the DSFSW could be found an application in agriculture and horticulture, especially in drought-prone regions where the availability of water is insufficient. At first, the outer coating containing urea diatomite (PAADU) was prepared. The NPK compound fertilizer granule was placed into a rotary drum, and th e chitosan powder was stuck on the granules by means of epoxy dissolved in acetone. The adhesive was applied by spraying at regular time intervals. The process was finished until compact and homogeneous coating formed on fertilizer granule. The coated granules were dried to a constant mass at room temperature for 6 h. Then the CTS-coated NPK compound fertilizer granules were obtained. CTS-coated fertilizer granules were dipped in water and then were immediately placed on PAADU powder and shaken. In this manner, PAADU could adhere to the surface of CTS-coated NPK compound fertilizer and form the outer coating. The surface of the product was crosslinked by spraying methanol solution of epoxy chloropropane and then dried in a 70  °C oven to obtain the final product which is a double-coated slow-release fertilizer with superabsorbent and water-retention properties. Hansen et al [26], encapsulate the granular fertilizer with the epoxy resin using spray method. In this research not coated fertilizer was placed in a rotating drum and pre heated to 250 ° F. A rapid drying solution of copolymers dicyclopentadiene and a modified vegetable oil were applied over fertilizer using spray in a thin stream of resin. Simultaneously hot air was passed through drum. Next monomers of second resin including a mixture of epoxidized soybean oil and polyester curing agent were applied over prepared granules. The solvent was a mixture of xylene and Cellosolve acetate. Hansen et al [29] also have used the above mentioned method for encapsulation of fertilizer with polyurethane. First of all the preheated fertilizer was coated by a synthetic drying oil. After drying the coating for a few minutes fertilizer were dusted by clay. Then urethane solution in xylene and Cellosolve acetate was applied using spray. 2.6.3. Mixing In this method granules are simply mixed with the coating at its melting point or with a solution of polymer in a suitable solvent. Tomaszewska et al [48] used this method for coating the granular NPK fertilizer with polysulfone (PSF), cellulose acetate (CA) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The coating solutions were prepared by the dissolution of the solid polymer in adequate solvent. The NPK fertilizer was successively added to adequate polymer solution, and was covered by a thin layer of the solution. Subsequently, granules were dropped into water, where the gelation process takes place. The coated granules were removed from the precipitation bath and then dried to a constant mass. The multiple coatings were prepared by immersion of the single coated fertilizer into adequate polymer solution, then into water and drying. Hon [37] has prepared the coated granules by mixing method. After melting the thermoplastic polymer by heating, the cellulosic additive has been added to melt resin. Then after allowing the temperature to drop, for avoiding the fertilizer damage, the granules or powder fertilizer has been mixed with the prepared mixture using a Brabender Mixer. Markusch et al [49] just has mixed the fertilizer pellets with at first, a diluted polyol and then with a diluted isocyantae to make a polyurethane coating. Then the feretilizer were placed in oven for drying. 2.7. Polymers used as coating for CRFs A broad range of polymers has been used in fertilizer coating. These polymers could be thermoset, thermoplastic or biodegradable. Some of common thermoset polymers are urethane resin, epoxy resin, alkyd resin, unsaturated polyester resin, phenol resin, urea resin, melamine resin, phenol resin, silicon resin. Among them, urethane resin urethane is very common used [26,50]. Thermoplastic resins are not very common used in art because of some problems. As mentioned before a very preferable method of applying polymers is spraying the dissolved polymer over granules. Either some of thermoplastic resins are not soluble in a solvent or make a very viscose solution which is not suitable for spraying. Polyolefine is used in art for coating the fertilizer granules [37, 51]. Biopolymers, dispose in bioactive environments, degrade by the enzymatic action of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae and their polymer chains may also be broken down by non enzymatic processes such as chemical hydrolysis. Non-biodegradable polymers are not environmental friendly. Due to environmental concerns there are some trends of replacing non-bio with bio degradable polymers as coating material from 1970s. But it should be mentioned that they are expensive yet and not very cost effective. Also, in production process durability of polymer should be adjusted with release time of fertilizer. Among natural and synthetic biopolymers starch and cellulose based polymers, chitosan (a linear  polysaccharide), poly lactic acid and poly(ÃŽ µ-caprolactone) due to low cost and abundance are some of used biopolymers in fertilizer industry[31,42,47,52-58] Generally, polymer coatings are applied in a thickness which is suitable to make a desired controlled release property. Thickness could be related to characteristic of polymer and also it depends on existed porosity of polymer surface. If water vapor transmission rate of coating material is 0.01 to 20, coating thickness would be 1 to 100 microns. Preferred coating thickness is 1 to 50 microns. Coating process could be repeated more than one layer to get desired nutrient release [39]. Typical physical method for encapsulating fertilizers are spray coating, spray drying, pan coating, rotary disk atomization. Special equipments for these methods are rotary drum, pan or ribbon or paddle mixer and fluidized bed [59, 60] 2.8. Investigation of release behavior of CRFs Release mechanism of nutrients for different coatings is different. Thick encapsulated granules like sulfur coating will allow the nutrient to release when a flaw or rupture appears on the coating surface. In this case, rupture will happen because of permeation of water into coating and inside osmotic pressure. Also, biodegradable polymers will release nutrients while destroying by soil microbes activity. In polymer coatings or combination of different coatings release will happen by diffusion of water through walls porosities. In this case release rate can be controlled by the particle size of coated granules, thickness of coating and permeability of coating surface. Also, changing the chemical composition of fertilizer core and also the coating will change permeability of coating. This means that even basic or acidic environment will change the permeability. In some researches when the coating has been starch-vinyl, increasing size of encapsulated granules has led to slowing down the nutrient release [61,62]. There are some standard test methods for measurement of controlled release properties. According To European standard the standard release time of N during 24 h should be 15% of total core nutrient. Also, release rate for 15 day should be 75% of total nutrients. Also American and Japanese standards say that the initial release shouldnt be more than 40% of total nutrient. According to European standards for measuring the release rate encapsulated fertilizer should be immersed in pure water at 25  °C (room temperature) in incubated state [63, 64]. For example Detrick et all [33] have investigated the release behavior of their product by immersion of 20 g of encapsulated granules for 8 h in water. After filtration of solid they dried the solid. Evaporation of water was done at 100  °C for 8 hours. Also, Ma et all [21] placed 14 g of granules in wire mesh holder and then placed it into a jar with 300 ml water at 23  °C and agitated it by an orbital shaker. Then, adequate water was taken for elemental analysis. Locquenghien et al [30] for investigation the slow release effect of fertilizer extracted some amounts of fertilizer continuously with water. For this purpose the granules were arranged in layer in a cylindrical vessel field with water. Water was passed through this layer and its nitrogen content was analyzed. 2.9. Tracing nano-technology features in fertilizer industry Reviewing literature shows that researches which have used nano-technology features in fertilizer industry are very rare. Nano-Clay is the most common nano-particle which have been used to produce CRFs. The main benefits of nano-clay particles in these researches are using them as reservoir of urea or as filler for polymer coating. 2.9.1. Nano-clay as carrier of urea The layered clays like montmorillonite and kaolinite are made of high aspect ratio nano layers. Large surface areas and reactivity of nanolayers is much greater than that of micrometer size materials. Also, their surfaces and interfaces provide an active substrate for physical, chemical, and biological reactions [65]. Because of these features nanolayers could be a suitable carrier or reservoir of fertilizers. Mechanisms which are involved in interaction between clay and organic materials depends on some factors like clay type, functional groups of organic material and physical or chemical properties of organic material. For example basic molecules bond strongly to montmorillonite but anionic molecules show much weaker interaction bands. Also, for instance benzoic acid or anionic species are adsorbed on the edge face of clay or cationic( crystal violet) are adsorbed on the basal plane. According to table 1 which shows different interaction of organic compound with clay, interaction between clay and urea could be through cation exchange, cation bridging and hydrogen bonding [66]. Table 1 Interactions between clay minerals and organic compounds [66] Mechanism Mineral examples Organic functional groups involved Hydrophobic interactions (van der Waals) Any clay with neutral sites (e.g., kaolinite, smectites) Uncharged, non polar (e.g., aromatic, alkyl C) Hydrogen bonding Any clay with oxygen surfaces (e.g., kaolinite) Amines, carbonyl, carboxyl, phenylhydroxyl, heterocycle N Protonation Alumino silicate edge sites, Fe and Al oxides, allophane, imogolite Amines, heterocycle N, carbonyl, carboxylate, Ligand exchange Aluminosilicate edge sites, Fe and Al oxides, allophane, imogolite Carboxylate, Phenolate Cation exchange (permanent charge sites) Smectite, vermiculite, illite Amines, ring NH, heterocyclic N pH-dependent charge sites (anion exchange usually, cation exchange rarely) Aluminosilicate edge sites, Fe and Al oxides, allophane, imogolite Carboxylate for anion exchange, amines, ring NH, heterocyclic N for cation exchange Cation bridging Smectite, vermiculite, illite Carboxylate, amines, carbonyl, alcoholic OH Water bridging Reviewing